Official Symbol: TXNRD1
Official Full Name: Thioredoxin Reductase 1
Gene Type: Protein Coding
Location: Chromosome 12q23.3
NCBI Gene ID: 7296
Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198431
UniProt ID: Q16881
Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (TXNRD1) is a selenoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of thioredoxin (TXN), maintaining it in a reduced, active state. As a key component of the thioredoxin system, TXNRD1 is essential for cellular redox homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and DNA synthesis. In the brain, TXNRD1 plays important roles in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and maintaining synaptic function.
- Selenocysteine: Active site contains selenocysteine
- NADPH-dependent: Uses NADPH as electron donor
- Dimer: Forms homodimers
- Substrate: Thioredoxin (TXN)
- Redox Balance: Maintains thioredoxin in reduced form
- Antioxidant Defense: Part of cellular antioxidant systems
- DNA Synthesis: Supports ribonucleotide reductase
- Apoptosis Regulation: Controls ASK1 signaling
- Neuronal Survival: Protects against oxidative damage
- Synaptic Plasticity: Modulates synaptic function
- Neuroinflammation: Regulates glial responses
- Redox Dysregulation: TXNRD1 activity altered in AD
- Therapeutic Target: TXNRD1 modulators in development
- Interaction with Aβ: Oxidative stress amplification
- Dopaminergic Neurons: Critical for survival
- GSH Connection: Works with glutathione system
- Therapeutic Potential: TXNRD1-boosting strategies
- Dual Role: Important for cancer cell survival
- Therapeutic Target: TXNRD1 inhibitors (e.g., auranofin)
- Ischemic Injury: TXNRD1 in neuroprotection
- Therapeutic Potential: Enhancing TXNRD1
- Ubiquitous: Found in all tissues
- Brain: Neurons and glia
- Subcellular: Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms
- Nrf2: Transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2
- Stress Response: Induced by oxidative stress
- Arner ES et al., Thioredoxin reductase (2009)
- Nordberg J et al., TXNRD1 in brain (2001)
- Lovell MA et al., TXNRD1 in AD (2000)
- Bae SH et al., TXNRD1 and neurodegeneration (2013)
- Zhang J et al., TXNRD1 in PD (2018)
- Urig S et al., TXNRD1 as drug target (2006)
- Kahroba H et al., TXNRD1 in cancer therapy (2019)
- Liu Y et al., TXNRD1 and synaptic function (2021)