Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an invasive treatment for refractory neuropathic pain.
MCS involves:
- Implanted electrodes over motor cortex
- Intraoperative mapping
- Chronic stimulation
- Less common than SCS
- Layer V Betz cells
- Direct activation
- Motor effects
- Thalamic modulation
- Pain relay
- Network effects
- Corticospinal
- Corticobulbar
- Pain modulation
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Brainstem
- Neuronal activation
- Synaptic plasticity
- Reorganization
- VPL/VPM
- Sensory thalamus
- Pain integration
- PAG
- Raphe nuclei
- Endogenous systems
- Post-stroke pain
- Multiple sclerosis
- Good response
- Trigeminal neuropathy
- Atypical facial pain
- Refractory cases
- Amputation pain
- Variable response
- Case series
- Motor symptoms
- Less evidence
- Historical
- Motor cortex mapping
- Face/hand representation
- Intraoperative testing
- Infection
- Hardware issues
- Seizures (rare)
- Motor cortex stimulation (2022)
- MCS for central pain (2021)