S100B Protein Astrocyte Biomarker is an important component in the neurobiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This page provides detailed information about its structure, function, and role in disease processes.
S100B is a calcium-binding protein predominantly expressed in astrocytes and certain neuronal populations. It serves as a biomarker for astrocyte activation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and CNS injury in various neurodegenerative conditions.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Category | Blood/CSF Biomarker |
| Target | S100B protein |
| Sample Type | Blood (serum/plasma), CSF |
| Diseases | Traumatic Brain Injury, Stroke, AD, PD, MS |
| Sensitivity | Variable by condition |
| Specificity | Moderate |
S100B is a 21 kDa protein belonging to the S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. It is named for its solubility in 100% ammonium sulfate. The protein exists as a homodimer and is primarily expressed in:
S100B has both intracellular (calcium signaling, cell cycle regulation) and extracellular (neurotrophic, pro-inflammatory) functions.
| Method | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| ELISA | Quantitative, widely available | Moderate sensitivity |
| Simoa | Ultra-sensitive, low detection limit | Limited availability |
| Lumipulse | Automated, high throughput | Requires specific platform |
| Western Blot | Isoform detection | Labor-intensive |
| Sample | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Serum | Easy collection | Peripheral sources |
| CSF | CNS-specific | Invasive (LP) |
| Saliva | Non-invasive | Lower sensitivity |
| Condition | Serum S100B (μg/L) | CSF S100B (μg/L) |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy | <0.10 | <1.5 |
| Mild TBI | 0.10-0.25 | — |
| Moderate TBI | 0.25-1.0 | — |
| Severe TBI | >1.0 | — |
| AD | 0.15-0.40 | 2.0-5.0 |
| PD | 0.12-0.30 | 1.5-4.0 |
S100B is one of several astrocyte activation biomarkers:
| Marker | Specificity | Clinical Use |
|---|---|---|
| S100B | Moderate | TBI, neurodegeneration |
| GFAP | High | Astrocytosis, TBI |
| YKL-40 | High | Neuroinflammation |
| ALDH1L1 | High | Metabolic function |
| Condition | S100B Level |
|---|---|
| Alzheimer's Disease | Elevated |
| Parkinson's Disease | Elevated |
| ALS | Normal to mildly elevated |
| FTD | Normal to mildly elevated |
| Huntington's Disease | Normal |
S100B as a therapeutic target:
Current research focuses on:
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[2] Goncalves CA, et al. (2008). S100B protein: a promising therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 12(9):1139-1150.
[3] Mrak RE, Griffin WS. (2005). Glia and their cytokines in progression of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Aging. 26(3):349-354.
[4] Zetterberg H, et al. (2016). S100B in blood and CSF: a marker for astroglial injury. Lancet Neurol. 15(9):908-909.
[5] Wang KC, et al. (2018). S100B and traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 35(5):795-804.
[6] Peskind ER, et al. (2001). Increased CSF S100B in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 12(4):258-262.
[7] Steiner J, et al. (2011). S100B in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 16(9):947-959.
[8] Van Eldik LJ, et al. (2007). Role of S100B in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev. 55(1):119-126.